Testing for faecal calprotectin (PhiCal) in the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention trial on flexible sigmoidoscopy screening: comparison with an immunochemical test for occult blood (FlexSure OBT).

BACKGROUND Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) using guaiac based faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) has an estimated programme sensitivity of >60% but <30% for strictly asymptomatic CRC in a single screening round. In search for improved non-invasive tests for screening, we compared a test for faecal calprotectin (PhiCal) with a human haemoglobin immunochemical FOBT (FlexSure OBT). METHODS In the Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Prevention (NORCCAP) trial, screenees in one screening arm were offered screening with combined flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) and FlexSure OBT. They were also requested to bring a fresh frozen sample of stool for the PhiCal test which was performed on samples from screenees with CRC (n = 16), high risk adenoma (n = 195), low risk adenoma (n = 592), and no adenoma (n = 1518) (2321 screenees in total). A positive PhiCal test was defined by a calprotectin level > or =50 microg/g. RESULTS The PhiCal test was positive in 24-27% of screenees whether they had no adenoma, low risk adenoma, or high risk adenoma. Ten (63%) of 16 CRCs gave a positive PhiCal test. The total positivity rate in this population was 25% for the PhiCal test compared with 12% for FlexSure OBT, with a sensitivity for advanced neoplasia of 27% and 35%, respectively. Specificity for "any neoplasia" was 76% for the PhiCal test and 90% for FlexSure OBT. CONCLUSIONS In colorectal screening, the performance of the PhiCal test on a single spot from one stool sample was poorer than a single screening round with FlexSure OBT and cannot be recommended for population screening purposes. The findings indicate a place for FlexSure OBT in FOBT screening.